【摘要】环境公益诉讼作为一种新型诉讼制度，以其宽泛的诉讼资格认定条件和显著的预防性等特征，在现代环境保护中起着不可替代的作用，本文以环境公益诉讼的现有定义为线索，简单谈了定义所涉及的公共信托理论、法律权利原则、实际损害原则等相关理论，从而试图对环境公益诉讼给出一个较为合理的定义

　　【关键词】环境公益诉讼；公共信托；实际损害

　　一

　　上世纪六七十年代以来，工业的迅速发展在创造了高度物质文明的同时，也产生了大量的环境公害。严重的环境破坏与污染正威胁着人类的生存与发展，环境污染问题成为当代最严重的社会问题之一。传统诉讼理论中“有诉的利益才有诉讼资格”的诉讼资格理论以及“人身权或财产权受到侵犯”的请求权基础理论在法官处理日益增多的环境公益争讼案件时受到严峻的挑战。在这种情况下，环境公益诉讼开始在美国、日本等国出现，经过几十年的发展，其已日渐成熟，在环境保护中发挥着其独特的作用。

　　二

　　傅剑清法官的《环境公益诉讼若干问题之探讨》一文从环境公益诉讼的概念、产生的原因和理论依据、功能、目的与价值等多方面较全面地论述了这种新型诉讼制度。读后受益匪浅，但笔者对傅法官给环境公益诉讼下的定义有一些不同的看法。敬请同仁老师指正。

　　傅法官的定义如下：环境公益诉讼是指任何公民、法人、公众团体或国家机关，为保护和改善环境，合理利用自然资源，防治污染和其他公害，当其认为有损害国家的、社会的公共环境利益的行为发生，已经造成或极有可能造成重大环境损害后果时，以自己的名义代表国家或不特定的多数人以环境违法行为人为被告向法院提起诉讼，请求判令该违法行为人停止环境损害行为及赔偿公益损失的诉讼制度。[1]

　　笔者认为该定义有几处值得商榷：

　　（一）不应将国家机关纳入环境公益诉讼的主体。

　　该定义将国家机关纳入环境公益诉讼主体有三方面的理由。

　　理由之一，我国是公有经济为主体的社会主义国家，国家机关是代表人民行使权力的……

　　笔者认为，当今世界大多数国家的政府都是民选政府，国家机关都是代表人民行使权力的。不仅如此，在资本主义国家，社会契约论的“主权在民”、“有限政府”等理念更是深入人心。所以在政府的权力来自于人民这一点上，公有经济为主体的社会主义国家和私有经济为主体的资本主义国家之间并没有太大区别。再者，我们力求给环境公益诉讼下一个定义并不应只局限于我国，它应当同样适用于其他国家。

　　理由之二，在环境公害事件的处理过程中，国家机关在信息收集、因果关系判定、污染治理措施采取等各方面处于比一般公民更为优势的地位，它们提起和参与环境公益诉讼的力量更强，对公益的保护效果更好。

　　该理由陈述的事实是客观的，但这并不能说明国家机关可以据此提起环境公益诉讼。根据公共信托理论，大气、水流、日光等环境要素不再是传统民法理论中认为的“无主物”、“自由财产”，而是全体人民的“公共财产”，任何人不能任意对其占有、支配和损害。全体人民委托国家对环境进行管理，国家就必须认真履行受托义务，合理地保护、管理环境。因此，我们理解，“执行环境法，组织污染或使公共资源恢复”是环保局等国家机关职责的应有之义。只要它认真履行职责，行使人民赋予它的行政权力，就能起到防治污染，保护和改善环境的作用，有什么必要以原告身份向法院提起诉讼，寻求司法权的救济呢？相反，在它不严格履行职责，致使发生或可能发生损害环境后果的情况下，它还可能成为环境公益诉讼的被告，而不是原告。

　　理由之三，我国的环境保护团体数量尚少，力量还十分薄弱，公民的传统“厌讼”观念尚有待转变；在这种情况下，国家机关成为环境公益诉讼的推动者和实践者对于整个环境公益诉讼制度的形成和发展无疑具有重要意义。

　　该理由仍然是将环境公益诉讼的定义局限于为我国。在美国，情况正好相反，有相当数量的民间环保组织为保护环境而不懈努力着，且美国人尚讼。即使在我国，环保组织数量少，公民“厌讼”的情况下，国家机关也不应该越俎代庖，因为这样可能适得其反。即使在“尚讼”的美国，也不是人人都愿意提起环境公益诉讼的，原因是诉讼费用高、举证责任艰巨。为了鼓励公民提起环境公益诉讼，“美国《清洁水法》、《清洁空气法》、《固体废物处理法》等均规定，法院如认为合适，可将诉讼费用（包括合理数额的律师费和专家作证费）判给诉讼的一方，按照这个规定，依惯例由原告承担的那一部分律师费和专家作证费等诉讼费用则可能由被告分担合理部分。”[2]在举证责任方面，美国法院在环境公益诉讼中采用举证责任倒置。只要求原告提出“初步表面证明”，实质性的举证负担被转移到被告一方。这些举措极大地鼓励了公众提起环境公益诉讼。相反，如果赋予国家机关起诉资格，则可能使公众对其产生依赖感，最终怠于提起环境公益诉讼，导致的结果恰恰与将国家机关纳入环境公民诉讼的初衷相反。

　　再者，正如美国约翰霍普金斯大学华盛顿美国政府研究中心研究员古德丹教授所言：“环境公益诉讼最具特色的地方在于，民众通过借助司法的力量介入行政过程，从而监督行政，弥补公力执法的不足，以达到维护和保障环境公益的最终目的。”[3]“……环境公益诉讼之所以能够取得成功，其主要原因还是公众自下而上的推动。”[4]古德丹教授反复强调要自下而上地推动环境公益的保护，对公民，尤其是底层民众参与其中所起到的作用给予极高的评价。

　　由此，我们得出的结论是淡化甚至根本不提国家机关在环境公益诉讼中的作用。相反，应大力支持和鼓励民众践行环境法“公民参与”的基本原则，积极主动地提起环境公益诉讼。

　　综上，笔者认为将国家机关纳入环境公益诉讼的主体是不妥的。

　　（二）在“公共环境利益”前加定语“国家的”、“社会的”是不恰当的。

　　如前所述，根据公共信托理论，环境要素为全体国民所共有，国家只是受全体国民的委托来管理环境，所以环境的所有权属于全体国民，而非国家。二者之间没有所属关系。再者，据现代汉语词典，社会是指由一定的经济基础和上层建筑构成的整体，也叫社会形态。它是一个哲学或政治学范畴内的抽象概念，而环境则是摸得着、看得见的实在之物，所以“环境利益”前加“社会的”似有不妥。

　　（三）“……以自己的名义代表国家或不特定的多数人……”中代表国家的提法是不恰当的。国家只是受托管人，对环境要素不享有所有权。环境要素属于全体国民，所以在环境利益受到损害时，公民、法人或公众团体就应当以自己的名义向法院提起诉讼，它代表的只能是不特定多数人的利益，为什么要代表国家呢？举个不恰当的例子，民事委托代理关系中的被代理人由于代理人没有很好的尽到义务致使其权益受到损害，而该被代理人却以自己的名义代表代理人的利益向法院起诉第三人，这岂不可笑？

　　（四）“……以环境违法行为人为被告”的提法值得商榷。

　　环境公益诉讼是一种特殊类型的诉讼，有别于传统诉讼，它的一个重要特征是具有显著的预防性。“与私益诉讼相比，公益诉讼的提起及最终裁决不一定要有损害事实发生，只要有合理情况判断有环境公共利益侵害的可能，即可提起诉讼。”[5]损害事实还未发生可以有两种理解。第一种，行为人实施了危害行为，但损害结果还未显现出来；第二种，行为人只是有实施危害行为的打算，还未实施就被制止了。在第二种情况下，称行为人是环境违法行为人显然不合适，因为他还没有实施行为，怎么能说是违法呢？再者，即使行为人已经实施了某种危害行为，该危害行为虽也造成了损害环境的后果，但并没有侵犯实体法或程序法上规定的权利，能说该行为违法吗？例如：甲、乙两工厂都严格按照相关法律的规定向河中达标排污，但造成了河中鱼类死亡。经调查得知，甲、乙两厂排污的总量超标致使鱼类死亡。甲、乙两工厂的行为当然可以引发一场环境公益诉讼，因为他们污染了环境，但他们的行为并不违法，所以他们被称为环境违法行为人委实有些冤枉。又如：起初美国法院审理案件依据的是“法律权利”原则，规定当事人只有证明危害行为侵犯到自己法律上保障的权利时才有资格提起诉讼。可后来，随着公益性质的案件增多，法官们觉得如继续用“法律权利”原则来确认当事人的诉讼资格，则很多实际上损害环境的案件将由于无法确定适格的原告而不能进入司法程序，从而不能有效地保护环境，于是用“事实上的损害”原则取代了“法律权利”原则。在塞拉俱乐部诉内政部长莫顿案的判决法院意见中有如下名句“美学和环境方面的福利，就像优裕的经济生活一样，是我们社会生活质量的重要组成部分，许多人而不是少数人享受特定环境利益的事实并不降低通过司法程序实施法律保护的必要性。”[6]事实上，最高法院同意“美学上的损害”构成了“事实上的损害”。包括“审美权、娱乐权”等在内的权利在法律上并没有规定，法官认为对这些权利的损害构成“事实上的损害”，具备起诉资格的人可就此提起环境公益诉讼。可在这种情况下，称实施损害行为的人为环境违法行为人是没有依据的。故，称这些人为损害环境行为人似乎更为妥当。

　　三

卫生部 公安部/国家教育委员会等


艾滋病监测管理的若干规定(附英文)

1988年1月14日，卫生部/外交部/公安部/国家教委/国家旅游局/中国民航/外国专家局

第一条 为预防艾滋病从国外传入或者在我国发生和流行，保障人民身体健康，制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所指艾滋病监测管理的对象是：
（一）艾滋病病人；
（二）艾滋病病毒感染者；
（三）疑似艾滋病病人及与第（一）项、第（二）项所指人员有密切接触者；
（四）被艾滋病病毒污染或可能造成艾滋病传播的血液和血液制品、毒株、生物组织、动物及其他物品。
第三条 各级卫生行政部门主管辖区内的艾滋病监测管理工作。
公安、外事、海关、旅游、教育、航空、铁路、交通等有关部门及企业、事业单位和群众团体，应协助卫生行政部门采取措施，防止艾滋病传播。
第四条 所有入境人员在入境时，必须如实填写健康申明卡，并交国境卫生检疫机关查验。
第五条 来中国定居或居留一年（或来华留学一学年）以上的外国人，在申请入境签证时，须交验所在国公立医院或经过所在国公证机关公证的私立医院的艾滋病血清学检查证明，并经中国驻外使、领馆认证，证明自签发之日起六个月内有效。
由于条件限制，未在本国进行艾滋病血清学检查的外国人，须在入境后二十天内到指定的卫生专业机构接受检查。
第六条 属本规定第二条第（一）项、第（二）项所指的外国人不准入境。
属本规定不准入境但已到达我国国境口岸的外国人，应当随原交通工具或所在国交通工具尽快离境，必要时由我民航、铁路、交通部门安排其离境，离境前由国境卫生检疫机关采取隔离措施。
第七条 外国人在中国居留期间，如被发现属本规定第二条第（一）项、第（二）项所指人员，当地卫生行政部门可提请公安部门令其立即出境。
第八条 定居国外的中国公民和在国外居留一年以上的中国公民（含在外国轮船上工作的中国海员），回国定居或居留一年以上的，须在回国后二个月内到指定的卫生专业机构接受检查。
第九条 严禁任何单位和个人从国外进口或带入本规定第二条第（四）项所指物品，如确需进口，须报经卫生部审查批准。
第十条 艾滋病的毒株由卫生部指定的单位保存、使用，未经卫生部批准，任何单位和个人不得自行在国内交换、传递和使用。
第十一条 血液和血液制品必须进行艾滋病病毒抗体监测。
禁止艾滋病病毒感染者献人体组织、器官、血液和精液。
第十二条 各省、自治区、直辖市卫生行政部门应当组织开展艾滋病监测工作。监测工作的主要内容是：
（一）疫情收集、整理、分析；
（二）重点人群的血清学检查；
（三）流行病学因素调查、分析。
第十三条 进行艾滋病血清学检查，必须使用一次性注射器，其他治疗器材应严格消毒，杜绝医源性感染。
第十四条 艾滋病为国家规定的报告传染病。
第十五条 民政、公安、司法行政等部门在执行公务时，发现有可能传播艾滋病者，应立即送卫生部门进行艾滋病检查。
第十六条 医疗单位要密切注意就诊病人，发现疑似艾滋病病人，应当立即诊断、报告和处理。
第十七条 从事预防、医疗和保健工作的人员确诊或疑诊艾滋病病人和感染者后，应立即向当地卫生防疫机构报告。卫生防疫机构在接到报告后，于十二小时内向上级卫生行政部门报告疫情。
其他人员发现疑似艾滋病病人，就近向预防、医疗和保健机构报告。
任何单位和个人不得隐瞒、延迟疫情上报。
第十八条 有关单位和个人在接受卫生行政部门派出人员的调查时，有义务提供关于艾滋病发生、传播、转归等方面的情况和资料，并保证情况的真实与完整。
第十九条 卫生行政部门对上报的疫情应当立即进行核实，上报材料必须附有经指定的卫生专业机构出具的诊断证明书。
第二十条 全国艾滋病疫情由卫生部公布。
第二十一条 任何单位和个人不得歧视艾滋病病人、病毒感染者及其家属。不得将病人和感染者的姓名、住址等有关情况公布或传播。
第二十二条 任何单位和个人，必须执行卫生部门为预防和控制艾滋病流行所采取的预防措施。
第二十三条 卫生、医疗和保健机构发现本规定第二条第（一）项所指人员时，应立即采取隔离措施，并送其到卫生行政部门指定的医疗单位治疗。
第二十四条 卫生、医疗和保健机构发现本规定第二条第（二）项、第（三）项所指人员时，应当根据预防的需要，对其实施以下部分或全部措施：
（一）留验；
（二）限制活动范围；
（三）医学观察；
（四）定期或不定期访视。
第二十五条 艾滋病病人或艾滋病病毒感染者的尸体必须就地火化。
第二十六条 对艾滋病病人或感染者的分泌物、排泄物及其所接触过可能造成污染的用品和环境，卫生防疫机构应监督指导有关单位或个人进行消毒，必要时由卫生防疫机构实施消毒。
第二十七条 卫生、医疗和保健机构实施本规定第二十三条、第二十四条规定的措施时，公安等有关部门应给予协助。
第二十八条 对违反本规定，有下列行为之一的单位或个人，由卫生行政部门给予五十元以上、三千元以下罚款，并强制采取预防、治疗和消毒措施：
（一）隐瞒病情不申报，逃避查验的；
（二）已知系艾滋病病人或感染者，有传播艾滋病行为的；
（三）瞒报携带本规定第二条第（四）项物品入境的；
（四）拒绝执行本规定第二十三条、第二十四条、第二十五条、第二十六条为预防和控制艾滋病流行所采取的措施的。
第二十九条 对违反本规定，引起艾滋病传播，或者有引起艾滋病传播严重危险的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十条 本规定用语的含义：
（一）“艾滋病”是指获得性免疫缺陷综合症；
（二）“艾滋病病人”是指艾滋病病毒抗体阳性，临床上出现条件性感染或恶性肿瘤者；
（三）“艾滋病病毒感染者”是指艾滋病病毒抗体阳性，无症状或尚不能诊断为艾滋病病人者；
（四）“外国人”是指依照《中华人民共和国国籍法》的规定，不具有中国国籍的人。
第三十一条 实施预防、治疗、检查措施时，按规定收取费用。
第三十二条 本规定由卫生部负责解释。
第三十三条 本规定自发布之日起实施。

PROVISIONS FOR THE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF AIDS

e State Bureau of Foreign Expert Affairs on January 14, 1988)

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS FOR THE MONITORING AND CONTROL OF AIDS
(Approved by the State Council on December 26, 1987, and promul-
gated jointly by the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Education Commission,
the National Tourism Administration, the Civil Aviation Administration of
China and the State Bureau of Foreign Expert Affairs on January 14, 1988)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to prevent AIDS from entering,
occurring and spreading in China so as to safeguard the health of the
Chinese people.
Article 2
The objects subject to the monitoring and control of AIDS as defined in
these provisions are:
(1) victims of AIDS;
(2) carriers of the AIDS virus;
(3) suspects of AIDS and those who have close contact with persons as
defined in Items (1) and (2) of this Article;
(4) blood, hemoproducts, toxicostrain, biological tissue, animals and
other articles that have been contaminated by the AIDS virus or may cause
the spreading of AIDS.
Article 3
The health administrative departments at all levels shall be in charge of
AIDS monitoring and control within their respective jurisdiction.
The public security organs, foreign affairs offices, Customs
establishments, tourist agencies, education departments, aviation, railway
and other transportation units as well as all the enterprises,
institutions and social organizations shall help the health administrative
departments in taking precautionary measures against the spread of AIDS.
Article 4
Upon arrival, any passenger who enters China shall fill in a health
declaration card truthfully, and submit it to the health quarantine organ
for inspection.
Article 5
When applying for entry visa, any foreign national who plans to settle
down in China or stay (or study) in China for one year or longer is
required to furnish the AIDS Serological Examination Certificate issued by
a public hospital or by a private hospital notarized by the notary office
in the country of origin and the said certificate must be authenticated by
the Chinese Embassy or consulate in that country. The certificate shall
remain valid for six months as of the date of issue.
Foreign nationals who fail to undergo AIDS serological examination in
their home countries for lack of necessary conditions, must go to a
designated professional health organ for the examination within 20 days
after entry.
Article 6
Those foreign nationals who belong to the categories as defined in Items
(1) and (2) of Article 2 in these Provisions shall be barred from entering
China.
Those who are not allowed to enter China but have already arrived at a
China border port, must leave the border as soon as possible by the same
means of transport or a means of transport of the country where they
reside. If necessary, China civil air, railways or other transportation
departments shall make arrangements for their departure. Before they leave
the border, they must be placed in isolation by the health quarantine
organ at the border port.
Article 7
Any foreign nationals who stay in China and are found to be objects as
defined in Items (1) and (2) of article 2 in these Provisions, the local
health administrative department may request the public security organ to
order them to leave China without delay.
Article 8
Chinese citizens who have settled down abroad or have stayed abroad for
over one year (including those Chinese seamen working on foreign vessels)
and who intend to resettle down in China or stay in China for over one
year are required to go to a designated professional health organ for
physical check up within two months after they return to China.
Article 9
All units and persons are strictly prohibited from importing or carrying
in any articles as defined in Item (4) of Article 2 in these Provisions.
In the case of necessity, an application must be made to the Ministry of
Public Health for examination and approval.
Article 10
The AIDS virus strain shall be kept and used by the units designated by
the Ministry of Public Health. Without permission by the Ministry of
Public Health, no unit or person shall be allowed to exchange, pass on or
use the virus strain within China.
Article 11
Blood and hemoproducts must undergo AIDS antibody virus monitoring.
Carriers of AIDS virus are forbidden to donate their tissue, organs, blood
and seminal fluid.
Article 12
The health administrative departments in all the provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall
organize the monitoring of AIDS. The monitoring work shall mainly cover
the following fields:
(1) collecting, processing and analyzing information of AIDS incidence;
(2) carrying out serological examination among the target groups of
people;
(3) making a survey and analysis of epidemiological factors.
Article 13
When conducting AIDS serological examination, any syringe used must be
disposable. Other medical equipment must be thoroughly disinfected so as
to guard against iatrogenic infection.
Article 14
As prescribed by the State, AIDS is an infectious disease that must be
reported.
Article 15
When carrying out their official duties, if the civil administration
organ, the public security organ and the judicial organs find any persons
susceptible to the spread of AIDS, they must be sent right away to the
health department to undergo AIDS examination.
Article 16
Medical units must keep close watch for AIDS cases among the visiting
patients. If any suspect of AIDS is found, the case must be diagnosed,
treated and reported without delay.
Article 17
Medical workers or health workers of preventive medicine or medical
treatment shall, after making a definite diagnosis of an AIDS case or
deciding on a case of AIDS suspect or a case of AIDS carrier, immediately
report the case to the local health and epidemic prevention organ. The
latter must report the case to the health administrative department at a
higher level within twelve hours.
If any other people find any suspect of AIDS, it is required that they
report the case immediately to the local prevention, medical or health
organ.
No unit or person may conceal the case from or delay the report of the
case to the organs concerned.
Article 18
When a health administrative department sends its officers to make an
investigation of AIDS, the units or persons concerned are duty-bound to
provide detailed information about the occurrence, spreading, metastasis
of the disease and guarantee that the information is true and complete.
Article 19
The health administrative department must verify the reported information
without delay. The material reported must include a diagnosis issued by a
designated professional health organ.
Article 20
The nationwide information about AIDS incidence shall be released by the
Ministry of Public Health.
Article 21
No unit or person may discriminate against AIDS victims, AIDS virus
carriers or their relatives. No information about the victims such as
their names, addresses, etc. shall be made public.
Article 22
Every unit or person must follow the precautionary measures taken by the
health department for the purpose of preventing and checking the incidence
of AIDS.
Article 23
When a hygiene organ, medical treatment organ or health organ has found a
person who belongs to the category of people defined in Item (1) of
Article 2 of these Provisions, it must place the person in isolation and
send him/her to a hospital designated by the health administrative
department for medical treatment.
Article 24
When a hygiene organ, medical treatment organ or health organ has found a
person who belongs to the category of people defined in Item (2) or (3) of
Article 2 of these Provisions, some or all of the following measures must
be taken according to the prevention requirements:
(1) detention for physical check up;
(2) restriction on movement;
(3) medical observation;
(4) regular or irregular medical visits.
Article 25
The dead body of an AIDS victim or an AIDS virus carrier must be cremated
locally.
Article 26
The units or individuals concerned shall, under the supervision and
guidance of the health and prevention organ, exercise disinfection to the
secretion, excretion of AIDS victims or AIDS virus carriers, and the
articles and places, which they have come into contact with and which
might have been contaminated. If necessary, the disinfection shall be
conducted by the health and prevention organ itself.
Article 27
When the hygiene, medical treatment or health organs perform their duties
as stipulated in Articles 23 and 24 of these Provisions, the public
security organs and other units concerned shall offer assistance.
Article 28
Any unit or person that has committed any one of the following acts in
violation of the Provisions shall be punished by the health administrative
department in the form of a fine of no less than RMB 50 and no more than
RMB 3,000 and shall be forced to take precaution, treatment and
disinfection measures:
(1) conceal the case of AIDS and evade examination;
(2) spread AIDS with awareness that there exist AIDS cases or AIDS virus
carriers;
(3) withhold from declaring articles brought in at the time of entry as
defined in Item (4) of Article 2 of these Provisions;
(4) refuse to carry out the precaution and control measures against the
spread of AIDS as defined in Articles 23, 24, 25 and 26 of these
Provisions.
Article 29
For any violation of these Provisions that has resulted in the spread of
AIDS or the danger of spreading AIDS, criminal responsibility shall be
investigated by the judicial organs according to law.
Article 30
For the purpose of these Provisions, the definitions of the following
terms are:
(1) "AIDS" means acquired immunity deficiency syndrome.
(2) "AIDS victim" means a person whose reaction to AIDS virus antibody is
positive and clinically a conditioned infection or malignant tumour is
diagnosed.
(3) "AIDS virus carrier" means a person whose reaction to AIDS virus
antibody is positive but with no symptoms of AIDS or without enough
symptoms to be diagnosed as AIDS victim.
(4) "foreign national" means a person who does not have Chinese
nationality as defined in "The Nationality Law of the People's Republic of
China."
Article 31
A fee shall be charged, according to relevant regulations, for the service
of taking prevention measures and giving medical treatment or examination.
Article 32
The right to interpret these Provisions resides in the Ministry of Public
Health.
Article 33
These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.